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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the drug retailers when making dual-channel pricing decisions in China. METHODS：Based on the analysis of the existing literature and the characteristics of drug supply chain ，taking the dual-channel drug retailers as the research object ，the effects of medical insurance payment policy ，consumers’risk aversion factor and inconvenience cost on consumers ’decision-making behavior were considered ，and dual-channel pricing strategy model for drug retailers was constructed. The reverse induction method was adopted to analyze and solve the model ，obtain the optimal pricing and optimal profit function of the drug retailer. The numerical simulation was adopted to simulate and analyze the effects of consumer medical insurance payment utility ，risk aversion factor and inconvenience cost on drug retailer dual-channel pricing and profits. RESULTS：When the utility of medical insurance payment increased ，the pricing of drugstores and the total profit of dual-channel of drug retailers would increase ；while consumers ’risk aversion factor and inconvenience cost showed a U-shaped trend with retailer ’s dual-channel total profits. In addition ，compared with existing e-commerce platforms ，retailers could make more profits by building their own e-commerce platforms. CONCLUSIONS ：Medical insurance payment policy has a great impact on the profits of dual-channel drug retailers. Drug retailers should continue to pay attention to the trend of relevant national policies and ensure their own profits by adjusting pricing in time. When medical insurance payment utility is in low level ，dual-channel drug retailers can ensure market demand by reducing the retail price of drugstores ，and should use flexible sales strategies to attract consumers. For consumers’risk aversion and inconvenience cost ，drug retailers can adopt strategies such as providing distribution services for consumers with high inconvenience cost.
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OBJECTIVE： To provide reference and basis for our country to formulate policies for online prescription drug sales. METHODS： SWOT analysis was adopted to analyze the Strengths （S）， Weaknesses （W）， opportunities （O）， threats （T） and other factors of prescription drug online sale so as to put forward policy reform suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： The online prescription drug sales had the advantages of better drug availability， improving cost affordability， promote information disclosure and break the monopoly， caught up with the country to vigorously promote the “Internet+” era opportunities. But online prescription drug sales also had disadvantages and threats such as inappropriate management mode， incomplete credit system and inadequate supervision. Conditional release of online prescription drug sales would be favorable to the internal and external environment and the overall development situation. It is suggested that under the condition of improving the ability of intelligent supervision， promote the adjustment of online prescription drug policy， allow Internet e-commerce to carry out prescription drug dispensing by prescription， and orderly release online prescription drug sales.
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RESUMEN Introducción. Un estudio en la comuna 5 de Santiago de Cali, encontró que el antibiótico más automedicado era la amoxicilina y que esta se asociaba a que fuese el vendedor de droguería quien la recomendaba. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la cualificación y experiencia de los vendedores de droguería en la comuna 5 de Santiago de Cali sobre la dispensación de amoxicilina. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal en el que se encuestó un vendedor por droguería. Se estableció la asociación de la formación y experiencia con preguntas sobre uso del antibiótico. Resultados y discusiones. En su mayoría, los encuestados eran auxiliares de farmacia (35%), tenían más de cinco años de experiencia (81%); afirman que sus clientes pocas veces presentan la fórmula médica (58%) y que ellos recomiendan su uso (62%). La pregunta de mayor acierto fue la relacionada con las precauciones y la de menor acierto la del tiempo de tratamiento. El 71% de los que tienen más de cinco años de experiencia acertaron en la pregunta sobre los efectos adversos (OR = 10, p < 0,05). Conclusiones. Entre menor es el nivel de formación, más frecuentemente recomiendan el uso del antibiótico, y todos los que no tenían formación en farmacia lo recomiendan.
Summary Introduction. A study in the commune 5 from Santiago of Cali, found that the most prescribed antibiotic is amoxicillin and it is associated with the pharmacy sales person, who recommended it. The aim of this study was to identify the Qualification and experience that the pharmacy sales people in the commune 5 from Santiago of Cali have about the dispensation of amoxicillin. Methodology. Studies of Crosscut in the ones that surveyed a Pharmacist per drugstore. It established the association, the level of education and the experience with questions about the use of antibiotics. Results and discussions. In the majority of the people who were surveyed were auxiliaries of the pharmacy (35%) they had more than 5 year of experience (81%), the affirmation that their costumers hardly ever present the prescription (58%) and they recommend the use of it (62%). The question with more successful responses was the relation with the precautions and least successful was about the treatment time. The 71% of the Pharmacist that have more than 5 years of experience scored higher about the concern of adverse effects with the antibiotic (OR = 10,p < 0,05). Conclusions. Concerning the lower level of education the more frequently the Pharmacist recommend the use of antibiotics and every one that did not have Pharmacological education, recommended it.
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OBJECTIVE:To study influential factors for retail chain drugstore undertaking the pharmacy function of community health center based on the perspective of retail chain drugstore pharmacist. METHODS:The stratified sampling method was used to conduct questionnaire survey among pharmacists in retail chain drugstores from Pearl River Delta(Guangzhou,Foshan, Dongguan),eastern Guangdong,western Guangdong and northern Guangdong. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed to study main effects of independent variables,pairwise comparison and interaction,with social demographic characteristics(gender, age,educational level,major,profession at title,working life,location)as independent variables,using fear of workload increase,inadequate pharmaceutical care,lower wages,inadequate electronic prescription acceptance and change in the work model as dependent variable. RESULTS:A total of 242 questionnaires were sent out,involving 239 valid questionnaires with effective recovery rate of 98.8%. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that majors of main effect and the interaction between major and professional title affected the fear of increase in the workload;age,education and working years of main effect,and the interaction between age and location affected the fear of inadequate pharmaceutical care;professional title of main effect affected the fear of electronic prescription acceptance;age and location of main effect,and the interactions between age and professional title influenced the fear of change in work model. CONCLUSIONS:It is suggested to strengthen pharmaceutical care and electronic prescription acceptance of pharmaceutical staff in retail chain drugstore,increase the number of professional pharmaceutical staff,allocate pharmaceutical staff reasonably and consider about regional differences.
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Introducción: los farmacéuticos cubanos están convocados por los principales dirigentes del país a utilizar con eficiencia los recursos existentes. Para cumplimentar lo anterior, y con el objetivo de implementar futuros estudios de eficiencia en las farmacias comunitarias, es imprescindible determinar los parámetros que pueden ser utilizados como indicadores de recursos y de resultados. Objetivos: identificar indicadores de resultados y de recursos para las farmacias comunitarias. Métodos: se desarrolló una investigación observacional. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y documental y la consulta a expertos. Se definieron como variables a Indicadores de resultados: aquellos que reflejen la consecución tangible del objeto social de la institución e Indicadores de recursos: conjunto de recursos materiales, humanos y financieros que se consume en el logro de un resultado específico. Resultados: la propuesta de indicadores de resultados para las farmacias comunitarias es la siguiente: satisfacción de la población, ventas, supervisiones satisfactorias, faltantes o sobrantes, abastecimiento de medicamentos, abastecimiento de medicamentos naturales, abastecimiento de medicamentos químico dispensariales. La propuesta de indicadores de recursos para las farmacias comunitarias resultó en: salario mensual devengado, costo de adquisición de mercancías, otros gastos. Conclusiones: se identificaron indicadores de resultados y de recursos para las farmacias comunitarias sustentados en la información disponible y ajustada a las características propias de estas unidades en el contexto sanitario cubano(AU)
Introduction: the Cuban pharmacists are called upon by the main leaders of the country to efficiently use the existing resources. For attaining the above-mentioned and for implementing future efficiency studies in the community drugstores, it is indispensable to determine the parameters that may be used as result and resource indicators. Objectives: to identify the result and the resource indicators for the community drugstores. Methods: observational research, literature and documentary review and expert consultation. Result indicators were defined as those reflecting the tangible attainment of the social object of the institution and resource indicators were a set of material, human and financial resources that are consumed in fulfilling a specific result. Results: the proposal of result indicators for the community drugstores is the following: population's satisfaction, sales, right supervisions, shortages and surpluses, drug provision, natural drug supply,and supply of chemical drugs. The proposal of resource indicators for the community drugstores were monthly salary paid, cost of product purchase and other costs. Conclusions: several result and resource indicators were determined for the community drugstores based on available information, according to the characteristics inherent to these units in the Cuban health care setting(AU)
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Humans , Pharmacies/standards , Pharmacies , Efficiency, Organizational , Cuba , Observational StudyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the development of online drugstores in China based on mobile port. METH-ODS:The development of online drugstores in China based on mobile port was analyzed by SWOT(strengths,weaknesses,oppor-tunities,threats)analysis to put forward suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Online drugstores based mobile port included vertical management in which pharmaceutical E-commerce manager directly participate,non-vertical management which mainly pro-vide information inquiry and price comparison. It has advantage in breaking through time and space obstacle,optimizing informa-tion display,integrating consumer’s information accurately,improving human efficiency,etc. They are weak in timeliness,busi-ness scope and sale function,the quality of pharmaceutical care,user activity,etc. They have the opportunities as annual increase of mobile E-commerce market scale and huge market development potential;they also face various threats,such as the inconformi-ty between main users of mobile port and main purchasers,consumer low-trust,health-care polity barrier breakthrough failure,the lack of legal regulations for medical and pharmaceutical software,etc. It is suggested that companies operate further accurately and the government speed up the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of salesclerk factors on the consumers'purchasing behavior in drugstores in Beijing citizens,and provide reference for better satisfaction of consumers'requirements. METHODS:Clustering random sampling method was launched among the drugstore consumers in 16 districts of Beijing,the results were statistically analyzed,and then the suggestions were provided. RESULTS:Totally 180 valid questionnaires were collected from the 208 questionnaires with effective re-covery rate of 86.5%. 70.6% consumers preferred the salesclerk to ask actively when they entered a drugstore;moderate depen-dence on the salesclerk was found mainly in the aspect ofmedicine selection,medication methods guidingandhelping disease judgment;moderate trust to the salesclerk was found,andthe poor professional knowledge,poor service attitudeandpoor professional ethicswere the main reasons for the distrust;the professional moralandknowledgeof salesclerks were the most-ly expected qualities;the licensed pharmacist in the drugstore was not recognized by 66.1% consumers. CONCLUSIONS:Drug-store should understand the consumer's expectations and requirements to its salesclerk and improve accordingly in the respect of strengthening the train of professional quality,enhancing the ability of pharmaceutical care,increasing the propaganda of licensed pharmacist,conducting medication consultation actively,exploring the diversity of consumer's requirements,and meeting the con-sumer's requirements more extensively.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: cualquier actividad empresarial para ser sostenible, debe asumir una actitud preventiva que le permita reconocer la necesidad de integrar la variable ambiental en su sistema de dirección y gestión empresarial. OBJETIVO: diseñar e implementar el sistema de gestión ambiental en la Droguería La Habana según la norma ISO 14001:2004. MÉTODOS: se creó un equipo de trabajo para el diseño, planificación y verificación de la implementación del sistema de gestión ambiental, el cual abarcó el período de enero del 2009 al primer semestre del 2012. Se realizó la revisión ambiental inicial a través de una entidad acreditada y se ejecutaron las fases requeridas para el diseño e implantación del referido sistema. RESULTADOS: en la revisión ambiental inicial se detectó que solo se cumplía con el 55 por cientoe los requisitos legales aplicables. Como parte de la fase de implementación se estableció la política integrada de la Empresa Comercializadora de Medicamentos (EMCOMED) como política ambiental de la entidad y el Programa de Gestión Ambiental. Se elaboraron y ejecutaron de manera eficaz los planes de formación y se implantaron 50 documentos que permitieron alcanzar un 82 por ciento de cumplimiento de los requisitos legales aplicables. No hubo sobreconsumos de agua potable ni de portadores energéticos respecto a lo planificado. En el 2011 se redujo la generación de desechos de medicamentos en un 64 por ciento. Se manejaron adecuadamente los desechos de medicamentos generados, eliminando más del 80 por ciento de estos y en el 2011 se incrementó la recuperación de materiales reciclables hasta 48 toneladas. Los resultados mostraron que la gestión ambiental en el período 2010-2011 fue eficaz. CONCLUSIONES: el cumplimiento de las tres primeras fases del diseño del sistema de gestión ambiental permiten llevar a cabo de forma exitosa su implementación(AU)
INTRODUCTION: For any business activity to be sustainable, it is necessary to assume a preventive attitude that allows it to recognize the need of integrating the environmental variable into the business administration and management system. OBJECTIVE: To design and to implement the environmental management system of Drogueria La Habana in compliance with ISO 14001:2004 standard. METHODS: A working team was appointed for design, planning and checking of the implementation of an environmental management system which covered the period of January 2009 through the first semester of 2012. The initial environmental review was made by a credited agency and the three phases established for the design and the implementation of the quoted system were fulfilled. RESULTS: The initial environmental review detected that just 55 percent the applicable legal requirements was met. As part of the implementation phase, the integral policy of Empresa Comercializadora de Medicamentos (EMCOMED) was adopted as the environmental policy of Drogueria as well as the environmental management program. The formation plans were effectively prepared and carried out in addition to the incorporation of 50 documents that allowed reaching 82 percent ompliance with the applicable legal requirements. There was not overconsumption of either drinking water or energy components in relation to the planned figures. In 2011, the generation of drug residues dropped by 64 percent. The handling of generated drug wastes was better since over 80 percent of them were eliminated and in this same year, the recovery of recyclable materials increased to 48 tons. The results showed that the environmental management was effective in the 2010-2011 period. CONCLUSIONS: The fulfillment of the first three phases of the design of the environmental management system allows its successful implementation(AU)
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Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Environmental Management/legislation & jurisprudence , CubaABSTRACT
In this paper, the sale of medicinal plants was described in the urban city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pharmacists and herb store owners about different characteristics of retail. Likewise, different types of retailers were compared, and the phytomedicine degree of acceptance was consulted. The percentage of customers who buy medicinal plants in herb stores is higher than in pharmacies. The five most demanded species were: "malva" (Malva sp.), 18%; "manzanilla" (Matricaria recutita), 13%; "tilo" (Tilia sp.), 12%; "cuasia" (Picrasma crenata), 8%; and "boldo" (Peumus boldus), 7%. In like manner, the most demanded mixes of species were those that had slimming properties, 21%; digestive, 17%; sedative and diuretic, 13%. Of the 32 most frequently requested species, only 13 are native. Phytomedicines were widely accepted in the different kinds of retail stores. It was also emphasized that, contrary to the usual assumption, the choice to consume plants is cultural rather than economic. Due to the acceptance observed in the use of phytomedicines, it must be emphasized the potential that Argentina possesses for the development of this industry.
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No presente estudo, avaliou-se o conhecimento técnico e legislativo, atitudes e perfis dos farmacêuticos responsáveis por farmácias e drogarias no bairro do Butantã, na cidade de São Paulo. Para tal fim aplicou-se um questionário aos proprietários/gerentes e farmacêuticos dos estabelecimentos, além disso, outros dados foram colhidos por inspeção visual. Para análise empregou-se estatística descritiva. Do total de 49 estabelecimentos, 40 foram visitados. Apenas 35% dos farmacêuticos consentiram participação e 30% não foram encontrados. Apenas um estabelecimento possuía placas obrigatórias em conformidade e em 43,5% constatou-se venda de produtos alheios à saúde. Práticas ilegais como aferição de pressão por balconistas, recebimento de comissões sobre vendas de medicamentos e venda de antibióticos sem receita foram reportadas. Metade dos farmacêuticos citou antibióticos como medicamentos de venda livre. Frequentemente afirmaram descontentamento salarial e ausentavam-se do estabelecimento. Pode-se inferir que os entrevistados possuem formação em áreas diferentes da Atenção Farmacêutica; pouco conhecimento de inglês e baixa cultura científica. Em geral, possuíam conceitos distorcidos sobre medicamentos genéricos e utilizavam para consulta fontes bibliográficas de baixa qualidade. Os estabelecimentos visitados pareciam mais comerciais do que de saúde. A Atenção Farmacêutica inexistia e encontrava-se inapta à implantação. Muitos estabelecimentos e profissionais não cumpriam com a legislação vigente. Os farmacêuticos apresentavam-se despreparados e possuíam percepções ambíguas: profissional de saúde e comerciante.
To assess the technical and legislative knowledge, attitudes and profiles of pharmacists responsible for pharmacies and drugstores in the Butantã district of São Paulo. A questionnaire was applied to owners/managers and pharmacists at the establishments. Other data were collected by visual inspection. Analyses were carried out by descriptive statistics. Out of a total of 49 establishments in the district, 40 were inspected. Only 35% of the pharmacists agreed to participate; 30% could not be found. Only one establishment exhibited the mandatory pharmacy signs in accordance with the law and 43.5% were selling products unrelated to health care. Illegal practices, such as pressure measurements by shop assistants, receiving commissions on drug sales and antibiotic sales without prescription were reported. Half of the pharmacists cited antibiotics as over-the-counter medicines. Frequently they claimed to be unhappy with their salary and were absent from their post. It can be inferred that the pharmacists interviewed had specialized in areas other than Pharmaceutical Care, most of them having a poor knowledge of English and little scientific culture. In general, they had incorrect ideas about generic drugs and consulted low quality bibliographic sources. The pharmacies visited seemed more like commercial than health establishments. Pharmaceutical Care was non-existent and could not be implemented. Many establishments and professionals did not comply with current legislation. The pharmacists were unprepared and had ambiguous perceptions of their role: health professional or shopkeeper.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Legislation, Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical ServicesABSTRACT
A farmácia é o estabelecimento de saúde onde são dispensados medicamentos, razão que a justifica como objeto de intervenção da vigilância sanitária. Esta utiliza variadas tecnologias para seu controle de risco. Neste estudo utilizou-se referencial da teoria do processo de trabalho em saúde com o objetivo de descrever e analisar facilidades e dificuldades encontradas no exercício da vigilância sanitária de farmácias em Salvador. Adotou-se a estratégia metodológica de estudo de caso, com categorias analíticas facilidades e dificuldades inerentes aos técnicos, farmácia, serviço de vigilância sanitária e ao meio social. Dados foram coletados por meio das técnicas de observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas. As falas foram tratadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. O corpus foi processado e categorizado utilizando-se o software QSR N VIVO. Depreende-se que a natureza das facilidades e dificuldades encontradas na realização das atividades de vigilância sanitária de farmácias indicam a necessidade de mudanças emergenciais no âmbito dos serviços e na cultura sanitária do país. Também aponta para a possibilidade de oferta de um serviço de qualidade na proteção da saúde, num cenário favorável ao desenvolvimento da vigilância sanitária como processo de descentralização destas ações.
Drugstores are the health establishments where medications are dispensed, which is why sanitary surveillance is justified as a means of intervention. The health department uses various technologies to control risk in drugstores. In this study we used the theory of the process of work in health as a benchmark in order to describe and analyze the strengths and difficulties encountered in sanitary surveillance in drugstores in Salvador. Case study methodological strategy was adopted, the analytical categories being facilitating factors and difficulties inherent to technicians, drugstore, sanitary surveillance service and the social environment. Data were collected through direct observation techniques and semi-structured interviews, and the findings were assessed using content analysis. The body of information was processed and categorized using QSR N VIVO software. It was revealed that the nature of the facilitating factors and difficulties found in surveillance activities of drugstores indicate the need for urgent change within the scope of services and the sanitary culture in the country. It also stresses the possibilities of offering a quality service for the protection of health, in a setting conducive to the development of sanitary surveillance and the process of decentralization of these actions.
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Humans , Pharmacies/standards , Brazil , Public Health PracticeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for government in making control policy for tourist' drugstores.METHODS:The basic information,training information and the outcome of the training of 243 employees working in tourist' drugstores in Zhangjiajie were investigated by questionnaire survey.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The basic quality of employees working in tourist drugstores in Zhangjiajie is low,and they have a strong wish for training incited by "base pay plus royalty" and they believe that they can gain a lot benefits from the training.It is advisable to strengthen training among the employees involved in pharmacy,conduct the training after subdividing the employees' needs and work out teaching materials tailored to the characteristics of different people.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the evaluation of drug suppliers in hospital so as to promote the suppliers to enhance their service level. METHODS: The drug suppliers were evaluated comprehensively with on-time delivery percentage, drug price and post-sale service as evaluation criteria. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of drug suppliers can not only raise the service level of the suppliers, but also facilitate a scientific and standardized management of drug supply. However, great importance should be attached to the impartiality and fairness in the evaluation.
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OBJECTIVE: To discuss the positive effect of the revolutionary step in drug circulation(Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore) on the reduction of drug costs and patients' medical expenses as well as on hospital management and development.METHODS: Based on the practice of "Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore" in our hospital,this article analyzed and expounded the nine "possible" biased view points put forward in research paper entitled "Thoughts on 'Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore'" published in the magazine "China Pharmacy"(Issue 13 of Vol.18,2007 May).RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The innovative practice of "Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore" carried out currently in Nanjing is an attempt beneficial for drug circulation,which plays a positive and effective role in controlling the drug price over a reasonable range and alleviating patients' burden on medical expenses.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for medical insurance contracted drugstore in regard to pharmaceutical care.METHODS:Through analyzing drug sales data which were collected from one drugstore in Shanghai from Sept.2005 to Sept.2007,customers' pointed requirements on pharmaceutical care in drugstore were pointed out.Based on our practice in carrying out pharmaceutical care,some advices about pharmaceutical care in drugstore were put forward.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The practice of pharmaceutical care attracted more medicare patients to purchase drugs,enhanced the competitive edge of the drugstore,which poses potential economic value.It is suggested that pharmacists of drugstore should conduct a systematic design and further improve the pharmaceutical care level in the practice.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the historical development and management of the dispensary(drugstore) of TCM.METHODS:Approaches and directions for the development of the dispensary(drugstore) of TCM as well as the basis for the importance attached to its management were pointed out by reviewing the historical development and management of the dispensary(drugstore) of TCM.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The development and management of the dispensary(drugstore) of TCM has achieved a great evolvement after a historical development from rudimentary stage,innovation forming stage,and universal mature stage to boosting stage,however,it is still lag far behind n the development of modern TCM.Therefore,TCM workers should spare no effort to attach great importance to and intensify the management of the dispensary(drugstore) of TCM.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore pharmacist's cognition on the factors affecting the drugstore-based pharmaceutical care(PC),and to discuss the relationship between the influencing factors and the influencing degree of these factors on pharmacists.METHODS:A questionnaire survey was carried out among pharmacists in drugstores in Xi'an city and a structural equation modeling(SEM)was formed to verify the factors affecting the drugstore-based PC.RESULTS:The questionnaire survey response rate was 84.7%(133/157).The data obtained fit the theoretical model satisfactorily.Partial of the hypotheses have been proved.CONCLUSIONS:According to SEM testing results,the development of trade were positively related to drugstore;drugstore has a direct positive impact on social evaluation,the practice of basic PC and advanced PC in drugstores;the quality of pharmacists has a direct positive impact on the social evaluation and the practice of advanced PC in drugstores.
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OBJECTIVE: To discuss whether the "Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore" of mode is conducive to drug price reduction and reduction of patients' medical expense for the benefit of patients and whether this model is helpful for hospital management. METHODS: It analyzed the possible problems involved in "Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore": such as it may lead to a "new monopolization of drug management", emergence of new "type medicine representatives", formation of "benefit league", physicians' prescribing "big prescription", thus failing to pose a threat to the "false high" price of drugs in the price chain but bringing about difficulty to hospital drug control and decreasing of drug quality etc. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: In view of the fact that current medical level and service income being unable to embody their actual value and the misalignment between supply and demand information of drugs,"Trusteeship of Hospital Drugstore" is still unable to free hospital from the trivial and complicated pharmaceutical affairs, nor can it surely bring down the "false high" drug price and reduce patients' medical expenses for the benefit people.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the improvement of pharmaceutical service level in drugstore.METHODS:The concept of the Physical Evidence and its signification,the types and practice of the Physical Evidence in pharmaceutical service were expounded.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The application of the Physical Evidence in drugstore can make the intangible service tangible,which can help improve the relation between drugstore and customers.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the improvement of membership system in Chinese drugstores.METHODS: Problems in the membership system were analyzed and concrete suggestions were put forward accordingly.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The membership system of Chinese drugstores remains to be improved,and it needs to be deepened further in practice.